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Intel - History
Islam

"In God we trust.
All others we monitor."

• When Prophet Abraham (Peace be upon him) built the Holy Ka'ba, he left his footprints on the mud. Those footprints were preserved.
• Inside this display the footprint of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) can be seen.
• This is called Maqam-e-Ibrahim and it is located inside the Grand Mosque of Makkah, in front of Ka'ba.
• It is important to note that Prophet Abraham was the father of prophet Isaac and prophet Ishmael (Peace be upon all of them).

• His father Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with him, had died a few months before the birth of his son.

• Muhammad did not actually fight, but handed arrows to his Uncle

• Hilf al-Fudul

• Asma was Aisha's sister, older by ten years
• We know her age at the time of her death, and the year of her death
• Since we know the age difference between the two sisters, we can determine that Aisha was born in 603 CE 

• At the age of twenty-five, he married Khadijah, fifteen older than him, and a widow
• They had four daughters and two sons
• One of these daughters was Fatimah

• Asma was Aisha's sister, older by ten years
• We know her age at the time of her death, and the year of her death
• Since we know the age difference between the two sisters, we can determine that Aisha was born in 603 CE

Ka'bah

• In 605, when Muhammad was about thirty-five years old, the Quraysh had decided to rebuild the Ka'aba: several stones had become loose, it needed a new roof and had recently been vandalized by thieves. But the sanctity of the building made this a risky, delicate job. (Muhammad, by Karen Armstrong, p. 81)
• The new walls rose but a heated quarrel developed when it was time to put the Black Stone back into position, because each clan wanted the honour...Eventually...the clans decided to accept the judgment...of Muhammad...asked them to bring a cloak, to lay the sacred stone in the centre, and then made representative from each clan take hold of the edge of the garment so that they could lift it back into place together. (Muhammad, by Karen Armstrong, p. 82)

Cave of Hira

• Shortly before the age of forty, Muhammad began to immerse himself more frequently in solitary mediation.
• Retiring to the cave of Hira, he would give himself up to Divine contemplation for days.

• Shivering he went home; his hands and feet grew cold and he asked Khadijah to wrap him up.
• After a short while when the shaking, with its inevitable accompaniment of a feeling of fear, disappeared, he related the whole experience to his wife.
• On hearing his account, she encouraged him with the inspiring words that God would never desert him and that he would succeed in his mission.

• Waraqah ibn Naufal was Khadijah's cousin.
• She took Muhammad out of sympathy for Waraqah, who had lost his eyesight and was unable to move, aged as he was
• No sooner did Waraqah hear what inspiration the Holy Prophet had received and how, than he exclaimed: "This is the very angel God sent down to Moses! Would that I might be alive when thou art exiled by thy people!"
• Soon, thereafter, Waraqah passed away.

• Narrated 'Aisha: The Prophet returned to Khadija while his heart was beating rapidly. She took him to Waraqa bin Naufal who was a Christian convert and used to read the Gospels in Arabic Waraqa asked (the Prophet), "What do you see?" When he told him, Waraqa said, "That is the same angel whom Allah sent to the Prophet) Moses. Should I live till you receive the Divine Message, I will support you strongly." Bukhaeri Sahih Volume 4, Book 55, Number 605

• After the first revelation in the cave of Hira, Gabriel did not visit the Holy Prophet for some time.
• This is known as the period of fatrat al-wahy, or the cessation of revelation.

• There came an end to the period of cessation.
• To the Prophet, the period looked unusually long; for it was a period of separation from One he loved with all his heart.
• Muhammad was commanded "Arise and warn"

• With this command began another stage in the life of the Prophet - that of announcing the word of God and delivering His message to all

• Asma was Aisha's sister, older by ten years
• We know her age at the time of her death, and the year of her death
• Since we know the age difference between the two sisters, we can determine that Aisha was born in 603 CE

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Scene of the Battle of Badr

• Seventy prisoners were taken in the battle of Badr, and it was only in this case that ransom was exacted, but the prisoners were granted their freedom while was with the Quraish was yet in progress. The form of ransom adopted in the case of some of these prisoners was that they should be entrusted with some work connected with teaching. When war ceased and peace was established, all war-prisoners would have to be set free, according to the verse quoted above. (The Religion of Islam, p. 434)

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• Prisoners of war were treated with care and mercy by the Muslims. After the first battle, known as the Battle of Badr, 70 prisoners fell into the hands of the Muslims. One of the prisoners reportedly said, "They (the Muslims) made us ride while they themselves walked. They gave us great to eat when there was little of it, contending themselves with dates." (Islam: The Misunderstood Religion by Danial bin Zainal Abidin, p. 93)

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Site of the Battle of Uhud

• Ten percent of Muslim combatants were killed, 70 out of 700-1000.
• The Meccan Qaraish lost 44-45 fighters
• The Meccan Qaraish, defeated in the Battle of Badr, inflicted their revenge on the Muslims
• The Meccan Qaraish were lead by Abu Sufyan
• Sufayn later converted to Islam, and his daughter, Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan, married the Prophet Muhammad

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• Muslims sufferered very light losses, whereas the Meccan Qaraish had very heavy casualties

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Battle of Banu Quraiza
 

• The Qur'an briefly refers to the incident in Surah 33:26[59] and Muslim jurists have looked upon Surah 8:55-58 as a justification of the treatment of the Banu Qurayza, arguing that the Qurayza broke the pact with Muhammad, and thus Muhammad was justified in repudiating his side of the pact and declaring war on the Qurayza.

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• The Muslims were told to accept peace in the middle of war if the enemy wanted peace: "And if they incline to peace, incline thou also to it and trust in Allah; surely He is the Hearer, the Knower. And if they intend to deceive thee - then surely Allah is sufficient for thee" (Sura 8:61-62). It should be noted that peace is here recommended even though the enemy's sincerity may be doubtful. And there were reasons to doubt the good intentions of the enemy, for the Arab tribes did not attach much value to their treaty agreements: "Those with whom thou makest an agreement, then they break their agreement every time and they keep not their duty" (Sura 8:56). (The Religion of Islam, p. 415)
• None could carry those precepts better than the Prophet, and he was so prone to make peace whenever the enemy showed the least desire towards it, that on the occasion of the Hudaibiyah truce he did not hesitate to accept the position of the defeated party, though he had never been defeated on the field of battle, and his Companions had sworn to lay down their lives one and all if the worst had come to the worst. (The Religion of Islam, p. 415)

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• Yet he made peace and accepted terms which his own followers looked upon as humiliating for Islam. He accepted the condition that he would go back without performing a pilgrimage and also that if a resident of Makkah embraced Islam and came to him for protection, he would not give him protection. (The Religion of Islam, p. 415)
• Thus the injunction contained in the Qur'an to make peace with the idolaters if they desired peace, combined with the practice of the Prophet in concluding peace on any terms, is a clear proof that the theory of preaching Islam by the sword is a pure myth so far as the Qur'an is concerned. (The Religion of Islam, p. 415)

• A hundred families of Bani Mustaliq were taken as prisoners in the battle of Muraisi, and they were also set at liberty without ransom being paid. (The Religion of Islam, p. 434)

• 1,600 Muslims, suffered less than 20 killed.
• The Jewish army of 14,000 lost 75% of their fighters

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• Muslim army of 3,000 defeated the Byzantine warriors, numbering 100,000
• About 600 Muslim fighters were killed, compared to 3,350 Byzantines
• Muhammad's adopted son, Zayd ibn Harithah, killed in the battle

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• Completely bloodless, no casualties on either side.
• There were 10,000 Muslim fighters against an unknown number of Meccan Qaraish
• Most Meccans converted to Islam and Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Ka’aba.

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• Muhammad marched back into Mecca and had the opportunity to slaughter his enemies, and by the standards of his day, this had been expected. Instead, he said "There shall be no blame on you this day" and declared a general amnesty.

• In the battle of Hunain, six thousand prisoners of the Hawazin tribe were taken, and they were all set free simply as an act of favor. (The Religion of Islam, p. 434)
• The Muslims lost 12 fighters and an unknown number of Bedouins were killed
• There were 12,000 Muslims and 4,000 Bedouins

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Muhammad led 30,000 Muslims to
battle, and then walked away

• The last of his expeditions was that of Tabuk, in which he led an army of thirty thousand against the Roman Empire, but when he found, on reaching the frontier, after a very long and tedious journey, that the Romans did not contemplate an offensive, he returned without attacking them. His action also throws light on the fact that the permission to fight against the Christians contained in 9:29 was also subject to the condition laid down in 2:190 that the Muslims not be aggressive in war. (The Religion of Islam, p. 416)

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• This was a decisive victory for the Rashidun Caliphate
• Out of 80,000 - 100,000 Byzantines, about 50,000 were killed
• The Rashidun Caliphate army of 24,000 - 40,000 lost 4,000 in the battle.

• RIVAL KORANS EMERGED...ULTIMATELY ALL DESTROYED AND AN AUTHENTIC CODEX CREATED The 6000 verses which have come down to us as the Koran were not written down in the lifetime of Muhammad. It was the fact that many of those who had memorized the verses were being killed in warfare that led Muhammad's successors to collect his messages. Naturally, there were different renditions.

• Several of the more famous were collected into "rival" Korans, which began to spread throughout the Islamic world. Individual versions tended to become associated with regional or tribal groupings.
• Ultimately this situation became so dangerous that a single authorized codex was prepared and all other copies were ordered destroyed. [source: The Arab World Today, p. 43]

• The Muslim troops besieged the city some time in November 636.
• Instead of relentless assaults on the city, they decided to press on with the siege until the Byzantines ran short of supplies and a bloodless surrender could be negotiated.

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• The al-Aqsa Mosque was originally a small prayer house built by the Rashidun caliph Umar, but was rebuilt and expanded by the Ummayad caliph Abd al-Malik and finished by his son al-Walid in 705 CE.

• Asma was Aisha's sister, older by ten years
• We know her age at the time of her death, and the year of her death
• Since we know the age difference between the two sisters, we can determine that Aisha was born in 603 CE

   

• Asma was Aisha's sister, older by ten years
• We know her age at the time of her death, and the year of her death
• Since we know the age difference between the two sisters, we can determine that Aisha was born in 603 CE